Discover The Majestic Beauty Of Mongolian Lakes

In the heart of Asia, Mongolia stands as a land of vast and pristine beauty, marked by its rich cultural history and stunning natural landscapes. Among its many wonders, the lakes of Mongolia hold a special place, offering a tranquil yet captivating escape into nature's purity. These water bodies, nestled amid rugged mountains and expansive steppes, mirror the sky's colors and host a diverse array of wildlife, making them a haven for both nature enthusiasts and adventurers alike.

Mongolian lakes are more than just picturesque sights; they are vital ecosystems supporting an array of flora and fauna. Their pristine waters, often fed by glaciers and mountain streams, provide a habitat for numerous fish species, birds, and other wildlife. These lakes play a crucial role in the local climate and are intimately connected with the lives of the nomadic communities that have inhabited these lands for centuries. The cultural significance of these lakes is reflected in the myths and legends passed down through generations, adding a layer of mystique to these geographical features.

Exploring the lakes of Mongolia offers a journey into a world where nature remains largely untouched by modernity. From the expansive Lake Khuvsgul, often called the "Blue Pearl of Mongolia," to the remote Uvs Lake, a UNESCO World Heritage site, each body of water presents its unique charm and ecological significance. This article delves into the wonders of Mongolian lakes, offering insights into their geographical features, ecological importance, and cultural heritage, while also providing practical information for those wishing to explore these natural treasures.

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  • Table of Contents

    What is the Geographical Significance of Mongolian Lakes?

    Mongolian lakes are strategically located within the Central Asian plateau, forming part of an intricate network of water bodies that significantly impact the region's hydrology. These lakes are often endorheic basins, meaning they do not drain into the ocean, which contributes to their unique ecological and geological characteristics. The lakes are predominantly found in the northern and western regions of Mongolia, where the terrain is more mountainous and conducive to lake formation.

    The geographical distribution of these lakes plays a crucial role in the biodiversity of the area. They act as natural water reservoirs, supporting both terrestrial and aquatic life forms. Moreover, the lakes are vital for maintaining the ecological balance, providing water for grazing lands and serving as important stopover points for migratory bird species. The surrounding landscapes, characterized by rolling steppes and rugged mountains, create a breathtaking backdrop that enhances the natural beauty of these lakes.

    Formation and Evolution of Mongolian Lakes

    The formation of Mongolian lakes is closely linked to the region's geological history. Many of these lakes are remnants of ancient glacial activity, while others have formed due to tectonic movements or volcanic eruptions. Over time, the lakes have evolved, with their sizes and shapes continuously altered by climatic changes and sedimentation processes.

    One of the most notable geological features of Mongolian lakes is their high altitude. Many of these lakes, such as Lake Khuvsgul, are situated at elevations exceeding 1,600 meters above sea level, which influences their climatic conditions and ecological dynamics. The high-altitude location also means these lakes are subject to harsh weather conditions, with long, cold winters and short, mild summers.

    Hydrological Characteristics

    The hydrology of Mongolian lakes is characterized by their limited outflow and significant dependence on precipitation and snowmelt. This hydrological setup results in high salinity levels in some lakes, such as Uvs Lake, which is one of the largest saline lakes in Asia. The variations in water chemistry across different lakes are influenced by local geology, climate, and human activities, creating diverse aquatic environments.

    Additionally, the lakes' hydrological regimes are crucial for supporting the surrounding ecosystems. They provide essential water resources for agriculture, livestock, and human consumption, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions where water is a scarce commodity. Understanding the hydrological dynamics of Mongolian lakes is essential for their sustainable management and conservation.

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  • Ecological Importance of Mongolian Lakes

    Mongolian lakes are ecological hotspots, harboring a wide array of plant and animal species. These lakes are crucial for maintaining the region's biodiversity and are home to several endemic and threatened species. The diverse habitats provided by the lakes and their surroundings support various ecological processes and contribute to the overall health of the ecosystems.

    Flora and Fauna Diversity

    The flora and fauna of Mongolian lakes are remarkably diverse, with each lake supporting unique communities of organisms. The aquatic plants found in these lakes play a vital role in maintaining water quality, providing oxygen, and serving as food and habitat for aquatic animals. Additionally, the lakeside vegetation, including reeds and grasses, offers shelter and breeding grounds for numerous bird species.

    Among the wildlife inhabiting Mongolian lakes are several species of fish, amphibians, and reptiles, as well as large populations of migratory birds. Species such as the Baikal teal, whooper swan, and various types of geese and ducks rely on these lakes for breeding and feeding during their migratory journeys. The presence of such diverse wildlife underscores the ecological significance of these lakes and highlights the need for their protection.

    Role in Climate Regulation

    The lakes of Mongolia play a significant role in regulating the local climate. They act as natural buffers, moderating temperature extremes and influencing precipitation patterns. During the summer months, the lakes' water bodies absorb heat, helping to cool the surrounding areas, while in winter, they release stored heat, mitigating the severity of cold conditions.

    Moreover, the lakes contribute to the carbon cycle by sequestering carbon dioxide through biological processes involving aquatic plants and microorganisms. This function is particularly important in the context of global climate change, as it helps to offset some of the carbon emissions generated by human activities. Protecting the ecological integrity of Mongolian lakes is therefore critical not only for local biodiversity but also for broader environmental sustainability.

    Cultural Heritage and Myths Surrounding Mongolian Lakes

    The cultural heritage of Mongolian lakes is deeply intertwined with the history and traditions of the local communities. These lakes are often regarded as sacred places, imbued with spiritual significance and steeped in folklore. The myths and legends associated with the lakes reflect the deep connection between the people and their natural environment, offering insights into the cultural values and beliefs that have shaped Mongolian society.

    Mythical Tales and Legends

    Many Mongolian lakes are shrouded in mythical tales and legends that have been passed down through generations. These stories often involve spirits or deities believed to inhabit the lakes, serving as guardians of the natural world. Such legends are not only a reflection of the indigenous people's spirituality but also serve as a means of imparting important ecological knowledge and values.

    For instance, Lake Khuvsgul is often associated with the legend of a dragon that resides in its depths, symbolizing the lake's mysterious and powerful nature. Similarly, other lakes are believed to be home to water spirits that protect the surrounding landscapes, emphasizing the need for respect and stewardship of the natural environment.

    Cultural Practices and Traditions

    The cultural practices and traditions associated with Mongolian lakes are diverse and reflective of the nomadic lifestyle that characterizes much of the country's history. The lakes have traditionally served as important gathering places for communities, facilitating social interactions and cultural exchanges. Seasonal festivals and rituals are often held near these lakes, celebrating the natural beauty and abundance they provide.

    Moreover, the lakes have historically been integral to the livelihoods of local communities, providing water for agriculture and livestock, as well as resources for fishing and hunting. The sustainable use and management of these resources have been guided by traditional ecological knowledge, which emphasizes the importance of balance and harmony with nature. Such practices continue to inform contemporary conservation efforts and highlight the enduring cultural significance of Mongolian lakes.

    The Majestic Lake Khuvsgul

    Lake Khuvsgul, often referred to as the "Blue Pearl of Mongolia," is one of the country's most treasured natural wonders. Located in the northern part of Mongolia, near the border with Russia, this pristine lake is renowned for its crystal-clear waters, stunning landscapes, and rich biodiversity. Covering an area of 2,760 square kilometers, Lake Khuvsgul is the largest freshwater lake in Mongolia by volume and the second-largest by surface area.

    Geographical Features and Ecology

    Lake Khuvsgul is situated at an elevation of 1,645 meters above sea level, surrounded by the towering Sayan Mountains and lush taiga forests. Its deep, clear waters are home to a diverse array of aquatic life, including several species of fish and invertebrates. The lake's catchment area is characterized by a mix of alpine meadows, coniferous forests, and rolling hills, providing a rich habitat for numerous plant and animal species.

    The ecological significance of Lake Khuvsgul is underscored by its designation as a national park, aimed at preserving its unique biodiversity and natural beauty. The lake is an important breeding ground for endangered fish species such as the Hovsgol grayling and the lenok. Additionally, the surrounding forests are home to rare mammals like the Siberian musk deer and the Altai snowcock, highlighting the ecological richness of the area.

    Tourism and Recreation

    Lake Khuvsgul is a popular destination for both domestic and international tourists, drawn by its scenic beauty and opportunities for outdoor activities. The lake offers a wide range of recreational pursuits, including boating, fishing, hiking, and horseback riding. Visitors can also explore the traditional nomadic culture of the local Tsaatan people, who are known for their unique reindeer herding practices.

    Despite its growing popularity, efforts are being made to ensure that tourism development around Lake Khuvsgul remains sustainable and environmentally responsible. Initiatives such as eco-friendly accommodations and guided nature tours are aimed at minimizing the impact on the lake's fragile ecosystems while providing visitors with an authentic experience of Mongolia's natural and cultural heritage.

    Exploring the Remote Uvs Lake

    Uvs Lake, located in northwestern Mongolia, is a unique and remote natural wonder that forms part of the Uvs Nuur Basin, a UNESCO World Heritage site. This expansive saline lake spans an area of over 3,350 square kilometers, making it the largest lake in Mongolia by surface area. Uvs Lake is renowned for its stunning landscapes, diverse wildlife, and rich cultural history, offering a glimpse into the natural and human heritage of the region.

    Geological and Ecological Features

    Uvs Lake is an endorheic basin, meaning it has no outlet to the sea and loses water primarily through evaporation. This results in high salinity levels, creating a unique aquatic environment that supports specialized plant and animal species. The lake is surrounded by vast steppe landscapes, desert dunes, and snow-capped mountains, providing a striking contrast to its shimmering waters.

    The ecological significance of Uvs Lake is reflected in its designation as a protected area, aimed at conserving its unique biodiversity and natural habitats. The lake is home to a wide variety of bird species, including the Dalmatian pelican, great white egret, and black stork. Additionally, the surrounding steppe and desert ecosystems support diverse flora and fauna, including rare mammals such as the saiga antelope and the Mongolian gazelle.

    Cultural Significance and Heritage

    The cultural heritage of Uvs Lake is deeply intertwined with the history and traditions of the nomadic herders who have inhabited the region for centuries. The lake and its surroundings have long served as important grazing grounds for livestock, providing essential resources for the pastoral communities. Traditional ecological knowledge and practices have been passed down through generations, emphasizing the importance of sustainable resource management and stewardship of the natural environment.

    Moreover, Uvs Lake is steeped in folklore and myth, with local legends often attributing spiritual significance to the lake and its surroundings. These cultural narratives highlight the deep connection between the local people and their natural environment, reflecting the enduring cultural and spiritual values that continue to shape the identity of the region.

    How Does Tourism Impact Mongolian Lakes?

    Tourism is a growing industry in Mongolia, with the country's lakes serving as major attractions for visitors seeking to experience their natural beauty and cultural richness. However, the increasing influx of tourists poses both opportunities and challenges for the conservation and sustainable management of these fragile ecosystems.

    Positive Impacts of Tourism

    Tourism can have several positive impacts on Mongolian lakes, contributing to the local economy and supporting conservation efforts. The revenue generated from tourism activities can provide much-needed funds for the maintenance and protection of natural areas, helping to preserve the unique biodiversity and ecological integrity of these lakes.

    Additionally, tourism can raise awareness about the importance of environmental conservation and promote sustainable practices among visitors and local communities. Eco-tourism initiatives, such as guided nature tours and educational programs, can help foster a greater appreciation for the natural and cultural heritage of Mongolian lakes, encouraging responsible behavior and stewardship of these precious resources.

    Challenges and Threats

    Despite its potential benefits, tourism also presents significant challenges and threats to the health of Mongolian lakes. The increased human activity associated with tourism can lead to habitat degradation, pollution, and resource depletion, negatively impacting the delicate ecosystems of these lakes.

    In particular, the construction of infrastructure to accommodate tourists, such as roads, hotels, and recreational facilities, can disrupt natural habitats and contribute to environmental degradation. Additionally, the influx of visitors can strain local resources, leading to overexploitation and unsustainable use of water, land, and other essential resources.

    Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive approach that balances the needs of tourism development with the preservation of natural and cultural values. This involves implementing effective policies and regulations, promoting sustainable tourism practices, and engaging local communities in the planning and management of tourism activities.

    Conservation Efforts to Protect Mongolian Lakes

    Conservation efforts are essential for safeguarding the ecological integrity and cultural heritage of Mongolian lakes. These initiatives aim to address the various threats facing these ecosystems, from habitat degradation and climate change to resource depletion and pollution.

    Protected Areas and National Parks

    Many of Mongolia's lakes are located within protected areas and national parks, which serve as crucial tools for conserving their unique biodiversity and natural habitats. These protected areas are managed by both governmental and non-governmental organizations, with the goal of preserving the ecological and cultural values of these lakes for future generations.

    Efforts to expand and strengthen the network of protected areas in Mongolia are ongoing, with a focus on enhancing the management and monitoring of these areas to ensure their long-term sustainability. Collaborative partnerships between government agencies, local communities, and conservation organizations are crucial for achieving these goals and fostering a sense of shared responsibility for the protection of Mongolian lakes.

    Community-Based Conservation Initiatives

    Community-based conservation initiatives are an important aspect of efforts to protect Mongolian lakes, recognizing the vital role that local communities play in the stewardship of these natural resources. These initiatives involve engaging local people in conservation activities, promoting sustainable resource management practices, and supporting traditional ecological knowledge and cultural values.

    By empowering local communities to take an active role in conservation efforts, these initiatives can help to build a sense of ownership and responsibility for the protection of Mongolian lakes. This approach also fosters collaboration and cooperation among different stakeholders, creating a more inclusive and effective framework for conservation and sustainable development.

    Unique Wildlife of Mongolian Lakes

    The unique wildlife of Mongolian lakes is a testament to the rich biodiversity and ecological significance of these ecosystems. The lakes and their surrounding habitats support a wide array of plant and animal species, many of which are rare or endemic to the region.

    Endemic and Threatened Species

    Mongolian lakes are home to several endemic and threatened species, highlighting the need for their conservation and protection. Among the notable wildlife found in these lakes are various species of fish, amphibians, and reptiles, as well as a diverse array of bird species.

    The lakes serve as important breeding and feeding grounds for migratory birds, including the endangered Siberian crane, the vulnerable relict gull, and the globally threatened white-naped crane. Additionally, the aquatic environments of Mongolian lakes provide crucial habitat for rare fish species such as the Hovsgol grayling and the lenok, which are found only in this region.

    Challenges to Wildlife Conservation

    Despite their ecological importance, the wildlife of Mongolian lakes faces several challenges and threats, primarily due to habitat degradation, pollution, and climate change. The loss of natural habitats, driven by human activities such as agriculture, infrastructure development, and tourism, poses a significant threat to the survival of many species.

    Moreover, the impacts of climate change, including altered precipitation patterns and rising temperatures, can have profound effects on the ecosystems of Mongolian lakes, disrupting ecological processes and threatening the survival of sensitive species. Addressing these challenges requires concerted efforts to protect and restore natural habitats, monitor wildlife populations, and implement effective conservation strategies.

    How Do Seasonal Changes Affect Mongolian Lakes?

    Seasonal changes have a significant impact on the hydrology, ecology, and overall dynamics of Mongolian lakes. Understanding these seasonal variations is crucial for the effective management and conservation of these ecosystems.

    Hydrological and Ecological Dynamics

    The hydrology of Mongolian lakes is heavily influenced by seasonal changes in precipitation and temperature. During the spring and summer months, the lakes receive an influx of water from melting snow and ice, leading to increased water levels and changes in water chemistry. This period is characterized by heightened biological activity, with aquatic plants and animals taking advantage of the favorable conditions for growth and reproduction.

    In contrast, the winter months bring freezing temperatures and reduced water levels, as the lakes become covered in ice and snow. This seasonal variation poses challenges for the survival of aquatic organisms, many of which have adapted to withstand the harsh winter conditions through various physiological and behavioral strategies.

    Impacts on Wildlife and Vegetation

    Seasonal changes also affect the distribution and behavior of wildlife and vegetation around Mongolian lakes. Migratory birds, for example, time their arrival and departure to coincide with the availability of food and suitable breeding conditions during the warmer months. Similarly, the growth and flowering of plants are closely linked to seasonal variations in temperature and light availability.

    These seasonal dynamics are essential for maintaining the ecological balance and health of Mongolian lakes. However, changes in climate patterns, driven by global warming, can disrupt these natural cycles, with potentially adverse effects on the ecosystems and the species that depend on them.

    Adventure Opportunities Around Mongolian Lakes

    Mongolian lakes offer a plethora of adventure opportunities for those seeking to explore their stunning landscapes and immerse themselves in the natural beauty of the region. From outdoor activities and recreational pursuits to cultural experiences and wildlife encounters, there is something for everyone to enjoy.

    Outdoor Activities and Recreation

    The lakes of Mongolia provide a wide range of outdoor activities and recreational opportunities, catering to both adventure enthusiasts and nature lovers. Popular pursuits include hiking, horseback riding, birdwatching, and fishing, allowing visitors to experience the diverse landscapes and rich biodiversity of the region.

    For those seeking more adrenaline-pumping adventures, activities such as kayaking, mountain biking, and rock climbing offer exciting ways to explore the natural beauty of Mongolian lakes. These activities not only provide a thrilling experience but also offer unique perspectives on the stunning landscapes and ecosystems of the region.

    Cultural Experiences and Wildlife Encounters

    In addition to outdoor adventures, Mongolian lakes offer rich cultural experiences and opportunities for wildlife encounters. Visitors can engage with local communities, learning about their traditional lifestyles and cultural practices, while also exploring the unique flora and fauna that inhabit these ecosystems.

    Wildlife enthusiasts can enjoy guided tours and excursions to observe the diverse array of bird species that frequent Mongolian lakes, while those interested in cultural heritage can participate in traditional festivals and events, gaining insights into the history and traditions of the region.

    Integration of Local Communities with Mongolian Lakes

    The integration of local communities with Mongolian lakes is a critical aspect of their conservation and sustainable management. The livelihoods and cultural identities of many communities are closely linked to the natural resources and ecosystems of these lakes, highlighting the importance of engaging local people in conservation efforts.

    Livelihoods and Resource Use

    For many communities in Mongolia, the lakes serve as essential sources of water, food, and other resources, supporting traditional livelihoods such as agriculture, livestock herding, fishing, and hunting. The sustainable use and management of these resources are vital for the well-being of local people and the long-term health of the lakes themselves.

    Traditional ecological knowledge and practices, passed down through generations, play a crucial role in guiding resource use and management, emphasizing the importance of balance and harmony with nature. These practices are often informed by a deep understanding of the natural environment and the ecological dynamics of Mongolian lakes, contributing to their conservation and sustainability.

    Community Engagement and Empowerment

    Engaging local communities in conservation and management efforts is essential for the successful protection of Mongolian lakes. This involves empowering local people to take an active role in decision-making processes, promoting sustainable resource management practices, and supporting community-based conservation initiatives.

    By fostering collaboration and cooperation among different stakeholders, these efforts can help to build a sense of ownership and responsibility for the protection of Mongolian lakes, ensuring their long-term sustainability and resilience in the face of environmental challenges.

    Impact of Climate Change on Mongolian Lakes

    Climate change poses a significant threat to the health and sustainability of Mongolian lakes, with wide-ranging impacts on their hydrology, ecology, and surrounding environments. Understanding and addressing these impacts is crucial for the conservation and management of these precious ecosystems.

    Hydrological and Ecological Impacts

    Climate change can affect the hydrology of Mongolian lakes through changes in precipitation patterns, temperature, and evaporation rates. These changes can lead to alterations in water levels, water chemistry, and the timing of seasonal hydrological events, with potentially profound effects on the ecosystems and species that depend on these lakes.

    Ecologically, climate change can disrupt the natural cycles and processes that maintain the health and balance of Mongolian lakes. This includes changes in the distribution and abundance of plant and animal species, shifts in the timing of biological events, and increased vulnerability to invasive species and diseases.

    Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies

    Addressing the impacts of climate change on Mongolian lakes requires the implementation of effective adaptation and mitigation strategies. This includes enhancing the resilience of these ecosystems through habitat restoration, species conservation, and the promotion of sustainable resource management practices.

    Furthermore, efforts to mitigate the broader impacts of climate change, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting renewable energy sources, are essential for safeguarding the long-term health and sustainability of Mongolian lakes and their surrounding environments.

    Photography Tips for Capturing Mongolian Lakes

    Mongolian lakes offer a wealth of photographic opportunities, with their stunning landscapes, diverse wildlife, and rich cultural heritage providing endless inspiration for photographers. Capturing the beauty and essence of these lakes requires careful planning and consideration of various factors.

    Choosing the Right Equipment

    When photographing Mongolian lakes, selecting the right equipment is crucial for capturing high-quality images. A versatile camera with a range of lenses, including wide-angle and telephoto options, is ideal for capturing both expansive landscapes and detailed wildlife shots.

    Tripods are essential for stabilizing the camera and achieving sharp images, particularly in low-light conditions or when using long exposure techniques. Additionally, filters such as polarizers and neutral density filters can help enhance the colors and contrast of the scene, adding depth and dimension to your photographs.

    Composition and Lighting Techniques

    Composition is key to creating compelling images that convey the beauty and uniqueness of Mongolian lakes. Consider using the rule of thirds to create balanced and visually engaging compositions, and look for leading lines or natural frames to guide the viewer's eye through the image.

    Lighting is another critical aspect of photography, with the quality and direction of light influencing the mood and atmosphere of your images. The golden hours, shortly after sunrise and before sunset, offer soft, warm light that can enhance the colors and textures of the landscape. Experimenting with different lighting conditions and techniques, such as backlighting or silhouette shots, can add variety and interest to your photographic portfolio.

    Travel Guide for Visiting Mongolian Lakes

    Visiting Mongolian lakes offers a unique opportunity to experience the natural beauty, cultural richness, and adventure opportunities of this remarkable region. A well-planned trip can ensure a fulfilling and enjoyable experience, allowing you to make the most of your visit.

    Getting There and Accommodations

    Traveling to Mongolian lakes typically involves a combination of flights, road travel, and possibly horseback riding or hiking, depending on the remoteness of your destination. Major entry points include the capital city of Ulaanbaatar and regional hubs such as Khovd and Murun, from where you can arrange transportation to the lakes.

    Accommodations around Mongolian lakes range from traditional ger camps and eco-lodges to more modern hotels and guesthouses. When planning your trip, consider your preferences for comfort and amenities, as well as the level of environmental impact associated with your accommodation choices.

    Best Times to Visit and Essential Tips

    The best time to visit Mongolian lakes is during the warmer months of June to September, when the weather is mild and the landscapes are at their most vibrant. However, each season offers its unique charm and opportunities, from the blooming wildflowers of spring to the serene snow-covered scenes of winter.

    When visiting Mongolian lakes, it's essential to pack appropriately for the weather and terrain, including clothing suitable for both warm and cold conditions, sturdy footwear, and sun protection. It's also important to respect local customs and traditions, particularly when engaging with communities or participating in cultural events.

    FAQs About Mongolian Lakes

    1. What is the largest lake in Mongolia?

      Uvs Lake is the largest lake in Mongolia by surface area, covering over 3,350 square kilometers.

    2. Are Mongolian lakes accessible year-round?

      Many Mongolian lakes are accessible year-round, but conditions can vary significantly with the seasons, affecting travel and accessibility.

    3. What types of wildlife can be found around Mongolian lakes?

      Mongolian lakes are home to diverse wildlife, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, and numerous bird species, as well as mammals like the Siberian musk deer.

    4. How can I minimize my environmental impact when visiting Mongolian lakes?

      To minimize your environmental impact, consider staying in eco-friendly accommodations, following leave-no-trace principles, and supporting local conservation initiatives.

    5. What cultural experiences can I enjoy near Mongolian lakes?

      Visitors can engage with local communities, participate in traditional festivals, and learn about the nomadic lifestyle and cultural practices of the region.

    6. Are there any conservation efforts in place to protect Mongolian lakes?

      Yes, there are several conservation efforts, including protected areas, national parks, and community-based initiatives aimed at preserving the ecological and cultural values of Mongolian lakes.

    Mongolian lakes are a testament to the country's natural beauty and ecological significance. Their pristine waters, diverse wildlife, and rich cultural heritage offer a unique and captivating experience for those fortunate enough to explore them. By understanding and appreciating the importance of these lakes, we can contribute to their conservation and ensure their sustainability for future generations.

    For more information on Mongolian lakes and related conservation efforts, please visit World Wildlife Fund.

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    MONGOLIA Travel around the world MONGOLIAN LAKES

    MONGOLIA Travel around the world MONGOLIAN LAKES

    MONGOLIA Travel around the world MONGOLIAN LAKES

    MONGOLIA Travel around the world MONGOLIAN LAKES